1. 却 is similar in meaning to 可是 and 但是, however it is not used as a conjunction like they are, as its position in the sentence is a little different:
a. 那为什么有些国家税的标准很高,有的却低很多呢?
The literal meaning of this sentence is “In that case why some countries tax rate very high, some however lower a lot?”
b. 哦,像这样的情况,那些天然资源很多可是却没有办法利用的国家,他们经济发展的速度可能没有其他国家发展得快,但是他们的政府可能就会靠卖这些天然资源赚到很多钱.
For extra emphasis, you can combine 却 with a conjunction as seen in:
a. 可是在别的国家却要自己付.
b. 哦,像这样的情况,那些天然资源很多可是却没有办法利用的国家,他们经济发展的速度可能没有其他国家发展得快,但是他们的政府可能就会靠卖这些天然资源赚到很多钱.
2. Note how 发 which we learned recently is used to mean “distributed” in 嗯,在我们的社会中,有很多人的薪水都是从政府那里发出去的.
3. 方面 is used a little differently than in English in: 可是除了人民赚钱付的税,政府也会从别的方面收税.